Documentary film Wikipedia. A documentary film is a nonfictionalmotion picture intended to document some aspect of reality, primarily for the purposes of instruction, education, or maintaining a historical record. Such films were originally shot on film stockthe only medium availablebut now include video and digital productions that can be either direct to video, made into a TV show, or released for screening in cinemas. Documentary has been described as a filmmaking practice, a cinematic tradition, and mode of audience reception that is continually evolving and is without clear boundaries. Definitionedit. The cover of Bolesaw Matuszewski book Une nouvelle source de lhistoire. A New Source of History from 1. Polish writer and filmmaker Bolesaw Matuszewski was among those who identified the mode of documentary film. He wrote two of the earliest texts on cinema Une nouvelle source de lhistoire eng. A New Source of History and La photographie anime eng. Animated photography. Both were published in 1. French and among the early written works to consider the historical and documentary value of the film. Matuszewski is also among the first filmmakers to propose the creation of a Film Archive to collect and keep safe visual materials. In popular myth, the word documentary was coined by Scottish documentary filmmaker John Grierson in his review of Robert Flahertys film Moana 1. New York Sun on 8 February 1. The Moviegoer a pen name for Grierson. Griersons principles of documentary were that cinemas potential for observing life could be exploited in a new art form that the original actor and original scene are better guides than their fiction counterparts to interpreting the modern world and that materials thus taken from the raw can be more real than the acted article. In this regard, Griersons definition of documentary as creative treatment of actuality6 has gained some acceptance, with this position at variance with Soviet film maker Dziga Vertovs provocation to present life as it is that is, life filmed surreptitiously and life caught unawares life provoked or surprised by the camera. The American film critic Pare Lorentz defines a documentary film as a factual film which is dramatic. Others further state that a documentary stands out from the other types of non fiction films for providing an opinion, and a specific message, along with the facts it presents. Documentary practice is the complex process of creating documentary projects. It refers to what people do with media devices, content, form, and production strategies in order to address the creative, ethical, and conceptual problems and choices that arise as they make documentaries. Documentary filmmaking can be used as a form of journalism, advocacy, or personal expression. HistoryeditPre1. Early film pre 1. They were single shot moments captured on film a train entering a station, a boat docking, or factory workers leaving work. X-uqjI/hqdefault.jpg' alt='Manhatta Full Movie Online Free' title='Manhatta Full Movie Online Free' />These short films were called actuality films the term documentary was not coined until 1. Many of the first films, such as those made by Auguste and Louis Lumire, were a minute or less in length, due to technological limitations. Films showing many people for example, leaving a factory were often made for commercial reasons the people being filmed were eager to see, for payment, the film showing them. One notable film clocked in at over an hour and a half, The Corbett Fitzsimmons Fight. Using pioneering film looping technology, Enoch J. Rector presented the entirety of a famous 1. United States. In May 1. Bolesaw Matuszewski recorded on film few surigical operations in Warsaw and Saint Petersburg hospitals. In 1. 89. 8, French surgeon Eugne Louis Doyen invited Bolesaw Matuszewski and Clment Maurice and proposed them to recorded his surigical operations. They started in Paris a series of surgical films sometime before July 1. I celebrate myself, and sing myself, And what I assume you shall assume, For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. I loafe and invite my soul. All crossword clues in our system starting with the letter C. Impact Your Heath Portland 2017. Aug 24 2017. Impact Your Health Portland 2017By Dick Duerksen Healthcare for the poor and suffering is still a cornerstone of. Until 1. 90. 6, the year of his last film, Doyen recorded more than 6. Doyen said that his first films taught him how to correct professional errors he had been unaware of. For scientific purposes, after 1. Doyen combined 1. Movie%20-%20English/thang%2011/14-11/Fridaythe13thPartVIIIJasonTakesManhattan1989_zpsf1488609.jpg' alt='Manhatta Full Movie Online Free' title='Manhatta Full Movie Online Free' />Extirpation des tumeurs encapsules 1. Les Oprations sur la cavit crnienne 1. These and five other of Doyens films survive. Between July 1. 89. Romanian professor Gheorghe Marinescu made several science films in his neurology clinic in Bucharest 1. Walking Troubles of Organic Hemiplegy 1. The Walking Troubles of Organic Paraplegies 1. A Case of Hysteric Hemiplegy Healed Through Hypnosis 1. The Walking Troubles of Progressive Locomotion Ataxy 1. Illnesses of the Muscles 1. All these short films have been preserved. The professor called his works studies with the help of the cinematograph, and published the results, along with several consecutive frames, in issues of La Semaine Mdicale magazine from Paris, between 1. In 1. 92. 4, Auguste Lumiere recognized the merits of Marinescus science films Ive seen your scientific reports about the usage of the cinematograph in studies of nervous illnesses, when I was still receiving La Semaine Mdicale, but back then I had other concerns, which left me no spare time to begin biological studies. I must say I forgot those works and I am thankful to you that you reminded them to me. Unfortunately, not many scientists have followed your way. Travelogue films were very popular in the early part of the 2. They were often referred to by distributors as scenics. Scenics were among the most popular sort of films at the time. An important early film to move beyond the concept of the scenic was In the Land of the Head Hunters 1. Native Americans. Contemplation is a separate area. Path is the best known global manufacturer of such films of the early 2. A vivid example is Moscow clad in snow 1. Biographical documentaries appeared during this time, such as the feature Eminescu Veronica Creang 1. Mihai Eminescu, Veronica Micle and Ion Creang all deceased at the time of the production released by the Bucharest chapter of Path. Early color motion picture processes such as Kinemacolorknown for the feature With Our King and Queen Through India 1. Prizmacolorknown for Everywhere With Prizma 1. Bali the Unknown 1. In contrast, Technicolor concentrated primarily on getting their process adopted by Hollywood studios for fictional feature films. Also during this period, Frank Hurleys feature documentary film, South 1. Imperial Trans Antarctic Expedition was released. The film documented the failed Antarctic expedition led by Ernest Shackleton in 1. RomanticismeditWith Robert J. Flahertys Nanook of the North in 1. Flaherty filmed a number of heavily staged romantic films during this time period, often showing how his subjects would have lived 1. For instance, in Nanook of the North, Flaherty did not allow his subjects to shoot a walrus with a nearby shotgun, but had them use a harpoon instead. Some of Flahertys staging, such as building a roofless igloo for interior shots, was done to accommodate the filming technology of the time. Paramount Pictures tried to repeat the success of Flahertys Nanook and Moana with two romanticized documentaries, Grass 1. Chang 1. 92. 7, both directed by Merian Cooper and Ernest Schoedsack. The city symphonyeditCity Symphony Films were avant garde films made during the 1. These films were particularly influenced by modern art namely Cubism, Constructivism, and Impressionism. See A. L Rees, 2. According to Scott Macdonald 2. However, A. L. Rees suggest to see them as avant garde films. Rees, 2. 01. 1 3. City Symphony films include Manhatta dir. Paul Strand, 1. 92. Paris Nothing but the Hours dir. Alberto Cavalcanti, 1. Twenty Four Dollar Island dir. Robert Flaherty, 1. Paris dir. Andr Sauvage, 1. The Bridge 1. 92. Rain 1. 92. 9, both by Joris Ivens. But the most famous city symphony films are Berlin, Symphony of a Great City dir. Walter Ruttman, 1. The Man with a Movie Camera dir. Dziga Vertov, 1. 92. Manhattan Project Wikipedia. The Manhattan Project was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons. It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada. From 1. 94. 2 to 1. Major General. Leslie Groves of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. Nuclear physicist Robert Oppenheimer was the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory that designed the actual bombs. The Army component of the project was designated the Manhattan District Manhattan gradually superseded the official codename, Development of Substitute Materials, for the entire project. Watch Mobius Online Fandango. Along the way, the project absorbed its earlier British counterpart, Tube Alloys. The Manhattan Project began modestly in 1. US 2 billion about 2. Over 9. 0 of the cost was for building factories and to produce fissile material, with less than 1. Research and production took place at more than 3. United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada. Two types of atomic bombs were developed concurrently during the war a relatively simple gun type fission weapon and a more complex implosion type nuclear weapon. The Thin Man gun type design proved impractical to use with plutonium so a simpler gun type called Little Boy was developed that used uranium 2. Chemically identical to the most common isotope, uranium 2. Three methods were employed for uranium enrichment electromagnetic, gaseous and thermal. Most of this work was performed at the Clinton Engineer Works at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. In parallel with the work on uranium was an effort to produce plutonium. After the feasibility of the worlds first artificial nuclear reactor was demonstrated in Chicago at the Metallurgical Laboratory, it designed the X 1. Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge and the production reactors in Hanford, Washington, in which uranium was irradiated and transmuted into plutonium. The plutonium was then chemically separated from the uranium. The Fat Man implosion type weapon was developed in a concerted design and development effort by the Los Alamos Laboratory. The project was also charged with gathering intelligence on the German nuclear weapon project. Through Operation Alsos, Manhattan Project personnel served in Europe, sometimes behind enemy lines, where they gathered nuclear materials and documents, and rounded up German scientists. Despite the Manhattan Projects tight security, Soviet atomic spies successfully penetrated the program. The first nuclear device ever detonated was an implosion type bomb at the Trinity test, conducted at New Mexicos Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range on 1. July 1. 94. 5. Little Boy and Fat Man bombs were used a month later in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, respectively. In the immediate postwar years, the Manhattan Project conducted weapons testing at Bikini Atoll as part of Operation Crossroads, developed new weapons, promoted the development of the network of national laboratories, supported medical research into radiology and laid the foundations for the nuclear navy. It maintained control over American atomic weapons research and production until the formation of the United States Atomic Energy Commission in January 1. Origins. The discovery of nuclear fission by German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in 1. Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch, made the development of an atomic bomb a theoretical possibility. There were fears that a German atomic bomb project would develop one first, especially among scientists who were refugees from Nazi Germany and other fascist countries. In August 1. 93. 9, Hungarian born physicists Le Szilrd and Eugene Wigner drafted the EinsteinSzilrd letter, which warned of the potential development of extremely powerful bombs of a new type. It urged the United States to take steps to acquire stockpiles of uranium ore and accelerate the research of Enrico Fermi and others into nuclear chain reactions. They had it signed by Albert Einstein and delivered to President. Franklin D. Roosevelt. Roosevelt called on Lyman Briggs of the National Bureau of Standards to head the Advisory Committee on Uranium to investigate the issues raised by the letter. Briggs held a meeting on 2. October 1. 93. 9, which was attended by Szilrd, Wigner and Edward Teller. The committee reported back to Roosevelt in November that uranium would provide a possible source of bombs with a destructiveness vastly greater than anything now known. The Advisory Committee on Uranium became the National Defense Research Committee NDRC Committee on Uranium when that organization was formed on 2. June 1. 94. 0. 4 Briggs proposed spending 1. On 2. 8 June 1. 94. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 8. Office of Scientific Research and Development OSRD,6 with Vannevar Bush as its director. The office was empowered to engage in large engineering projects in addition to research. The NDRC Committee on Uranium became the S 1 Section of the OSRD the word uranium was dropped for security reasons. In Britain, Frisch and Rudolf Peierls at the University of Birmingham had made a breakthrough investigating the critical mass of uranium 2. June 1. 93. 9. 8 Their calculations indicated that it was within an order of magnitude of 1. Their March 1. 94. FrischPeierls memorandum initiated the British atomic bomb project and its Maud Committee,1. In July 1. 94. 0, Britain had offered to give the United States access to its scientific research, and the Tizard Missions John Cockcroft briefed American scientists on British developments. He discovered that the American project was smaller than the British, and not as far advanced. As part of the scientific exchange, the Maud Committees findings were conveyed to the United States. One of its members, the Australian physicist Mark Oliphant, flew to the United States in late August 1. Maud Committee had not reached key American physicists. Oliphant then set out to find out why the committees findings were apparently being ignored. He met with the Uranium Committee and visited Berkeley, California, where he spoke persuasively to Ernest O. Lawrence. Lawrence was sufficiently impressed to commence his own research into uranium. He in turn spoke to James B. Conant, Arthur H. Compton and George B. Pegram. Oliphants mission was therefore a success key American physicists were now aware of the potential power of an atomic bomb. On 9 October 1. 94. President Roosevelt approved the atomic program after he convened a meeting with Vannevar Bush and Vice President Henry A. Wallace. To control the program, he created a Top Policy Group consisting of himselfalthough he never attended a meetingWallace, Bush, Conant, Secretary of War. Henry L. Stimson, and the Chief of Staff of the Army, General. George C. Marshall. Roosevelt chose the Army to run the project rather than the Navy, because the Army had more experience with management of large scale construction projects. He also agreed to coordinate the effort with that of the British, and on 1. October he sent a message to Prime Minister Winston Churchill, suggesting that they correspond on atomic matters. Watch Garden Party Online Free 2016 on this page. Feasibility. Proposals. The S 1 Committee held its meeting on 1. December 1. 94. 1 pervaded by an atmosphere of enthusiasm and urgency1. Pearl Harbor and the subsequent United States declaration of war upon Japan and then on Germany. Work was proceeding on three different techniques for isotope separation to separate uranium 2. Lawrence and his team at the University of California, Berkeley, investigated electromagnetic separation, while Eger Murphree and Jesse Wakefield Beamss team looked into gaseous diffusion at Columbia University, and Philip Abelson directed research into thermal diffusion at the Carnegie Institution of Washington and later the Naval Research Laboratory. Murphree was also the head of an unsuccessful separation project using gas centrifuges.